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Updated: May 18, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
Published on: May 2, 2025
Pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents
Benjamin I Goldstein1, Roberto Sassi, Rasim S Diler
1Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. benjamin.goldstein@sunnybrook.ca
Abstract:
This review focuses mainly on published articles regarding the treatment of school-aged children and adolescents with pediatric bipolar disorder. In light of systematic reviews, large randomized controlled trial data are emphasized wherever possible. This review addresses the treatment of acute manic/mixed episodes, including combination treatment, the preliminary literature regarding bipolar depression among youth, treatment in the face of comorbid conditions, and maintenance treatment. Suggestions regarding future directions are offered. A clinical vignette describing a teen with bipolar disorder is presented and bipolar medications, dosing, efficacy, side effects, contraindications, and succinct comments on each medication are summarized.
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