Inflammation, pain, and pressure--purinergic signaling in oral tissues

Signaling by extracellular purines such as ATP and adenosine has implications for dental research on multiple levels, with the association of purinergic signaling with inflammation, mechanical strain, and pain making the system particularly relevant for the specific challenges in the oral cavity. Oral tissues express a variety of G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors for ATP and P1 receptors for adenosine in addition to ionotropic P2X receptors for ATP. When these receptors are combined with the plethora of extracellular enzymes capable of manipulating extracellular agonist levels, a complex system for regulating oral health emerges, and recent findings have begun to identify a key role for purinergic signaling in oral pathophysiology. For example, the manipulation of extracellular ATP levels by P. gingivalis reduces inflammasome activation and apoptosis linked to P2X(7) receptor activation. Release of ATP by periodontal ligaments may link mechanical strain to bone remodeling. Activation of P2X receptors is implicated in dental pain, and receptor antagonists represent important targets for new analgesics. Altered levels of adenosine receptors in periodontal disease also suggest a role for nucleosides in dental signaling. The intricacies of the purinergic signaling system make it well-suited for the unique concerns of dental research, and future findings will doubtless confirm this importance.