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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen. Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.

Immunoprecipitation

Immunoprecipitation

Immunoprecipitation, or IP, is a widely used technique that employs protein-antibody interactions to isolate proteins or protein complexes in their native state for studying protein-protein interactions, quaternary structures, or supramolecular complexes. Various modifications of the technique, including chromatin IP, cross-linking IP, and fluorescence IP, are commonly used.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
Chromatin immunoprecipitation, also known as ChIP, is used to study protein-DNA or...

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Fabricating a UV-Vis and Raman Spectroscopy Immunoassay Platform

Fabricating a UV-Vis and Raman Spectroscopy Immunoassay Platform

Published on: November 10, 2016

Solid-phase immunoassays.

Michael A Lynes¹

¹University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.

Current Protocols in Toxicology

|October 10, 2012

Summary

Solid-phase immunoassays like ELISA detect antigens with high sensitivity. Grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance (GCSPR) offers a label-free, real-time method for sensitive antigen-antibody interaction analysis.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Immunology
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Solid-phase quantitative immunoassays, including ELISA and ELISPOT, are vital diagnostic tools.
These assays offer high sensitivity, detecting antigens in various biological samples down to the picogram range.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a label-free, real-time variant of ELISA using grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance (GCSPR).
To demonstrate the application of GCSPR for sensitive, simultaneous analysis of multiple antigen-antibody interactions.

Main Methods:

Utilized grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance (GCSPR) as a modification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Employed a microarray format for simultaneous measurement of numerous antibody/antigen interactions on a single sensor chip.

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Enabled label-free, real-time detection of antigen-antibody binding events.

Main Results:

GCSPR facilitates antigen-antibody interaction assessments with reduced sample volumes.
The microarray format allows for high-throughput analysis of multiple interactions concurrently.
Achieved highly refined and sensitive determination of molecular interactions.

Conclusions:

GCSPR represents a significant advancement in solid-phase immunoassay technology.
This method enables sensitive, real-time, label-free analysis of biological interactions.
Applications include toxin effect determination and evaluation of immune and non-immune components.