Jawarish, a Persian traditional gastrointestinal dosage form

Medical sciences including pharmacy flourished in Persia throughout medieval times. The oldest pharmacopeias which discussed pharmaceutical formulations were created by them, called Qarabadin. Among various dosage forms which were described, Jawarish was a gastrointestinal dosage form which was made from different ingredients for different purposes such as stomach tonic, digestive, carminative, laxative, astringent, visceral analgesic, antihaemorrhoid, antiemetic, emetic, antireflux and anticolic. This paper, introduces their preparation, general considerations and five common examples of Jawarish.