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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
12:37

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Controversial issues on melanoma.

Torello Lotti1, Nicola Bruscino, Jana Hercogova

  • 1Dermatology Division, University of Rome G. Marconi, Rome, Italy. professor@torellolotti.it

Dermatologic Therapy
|October 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure is linked to melanoma risk, though chronic exposure may offer protection. Sentinel node biopsy aids in staging melanoma patients but its impact on overall survival remains debated.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Melanoma development is controversially linked to ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure.
  • Chronic UV exposure may confer a protective effect against melanoma.
  • Nodal status is a critical prognostic indicator for melanoma patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To debate the role of UV exposure in melanoma.
  • To clarify the position of sentinel node biopsy in clinical practice.
  • To evaluate the impact of sentinel node biopsy on melanoma staging and survival.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical analysis of existing studies on UV exposure and melanoma.
  • Discussion of the indications and outcomes of sentinel node biopsy in melanoma management.
  • Examination of data regarding regional disease control and survival benefits.

Main Results:

  • A direct relationship exists between UV exposure and melanoma risk.
  • Chronic UV exposure might possess a protective role.
  • Sentinel node biopsy is valuable for detailed nodal staging and identifying candidates for early lymphadenectomy.
  • Evidence for improved overall survival from sentinel node biopsy is inconclusive.

Conclusions:

  • The role of UV exposure in melanoma pathogenesis requires nuanced understanding.
  • Sentinel node biopsy is primarily recommended for accurate staging and patient selection for further treatment.
  • Further research is needed to definitively establish the survival benefits of sentinel node biopsy in melanoma.