Photophysics of diphenylacetylene: light from the "dark state"

A weak band at the tail of the known tolane (diphenylacetylene, DPA) fluorescence spectrum in several solvents is assigned to the forbidden 1(1)A(u) → 1(1)A(g) transition on the basis of its lifetime (∼200 ps) and its fluorescence excitation spectra. The 1(1)A(u) state, generally called the dark state, is not truly dark. We report the temperature (T) dependence of DPA fluorescence quantum yields (ϕ(f)) in methylcyclohexane (MCH) solution and the fluorescence and phosphorescence quantum yields of DPA in glassy MCH at 77 K. Significant differences between fluorescence and phosphorescence excitation spectra reveal that, in addition to the 1(1)B(1u) ← 1(1)A(g) transition, the first DPA absorption band includes a transition to another excited state, most probably the 1(1)B(2u) state, from which intersystem crossing is more efficient. The T dependence of ϕ(f) values in MCH solution is shown to be consistent with the previously reported T dependence of the lifetimes of transient DPA singlet excited state absorptions in the picosecond time scale. Transient absorption decay rate constants in hexane, methylcyclohexane and decalin as a function of T are retreated. Application of the medium enhanced barrier model shows that the medium is fully engaged with the molecular motion that is involved in the activated nonradiative decay path of the 1(1)B(1u) state. In accord with theoretical calculations and experimental observations, that process is assigned to the diabatic internal conversion of the short-lived linear fluorescent π,π* (1(1)B(1u)) state, over a low intrinsic energy barrier, to the longer lived weakly fluorescent trans-bent π,σ* (1(1)A(u)), which is the precursor of the DPA triplet state. Absorption and fluorescence measurements in several solvents show that the 1(1)B(1u)-1(1)A(g) energy gap decreases linearly with increasing medium polarizability. Our results allow a more definitive state order assignment for DPA.