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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing
08:59

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: January 12, 2021

Diversity-oriented approaches for interrogating T-cell receptor repertoire, ligand recognition, and function.

Michael E Birnbaum1, Shen Dong, K Christopher Garcia

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|October 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Molecular diversity in adaptive immunity is key. New techniques allow comprehensive study of T-cell receptors, revealing insights and challenging signaling concepts with novel peptide ligands.

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Adaptive immunity relies on molecular diversity, particularly in T-cell receptors (TCRs) and peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) interactions.
  • The vast diversity of TCRs and pMHCs presents challenges for systematic biological study.
  • Recent technological advancements enable comprehensive analysis of this molecular diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review insights into T-cell receptor function and biology.
  • To highlight the impact of advanced techniques for assessing the T-cell repertoire.
  • To introduce a newly discovered class of peptide ligands and their implications for TCR signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Assessment of the T-cell repertoire using advanced techniques.
  • Perturbation of individual T-cell receptors with engineered reagents.
  • Discovery of novel peptide ligands using diversity-oriented approaches.

Main Results:

  • Gained significant insights into T-cell receptor function and biology through comprehensive repertoire analysis.
  • Demonstrated the utility of engineered reagents for perturbing individual TCRs.
  • Identified a new class of high-affinity, non-stimulatory peptide ligands.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced techniques provide unprecedented precision in studying T-cell receptor diversity and function.
  • The newly discovered peptide ligands challenge existing paradigms of T-cell receptor signaling.
  • Future research can leverage these findings to further understand adaptive immunity and develop novel therapeutic strategies.