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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Introduction to Fibroblasts01:09

Introduction to Fibroblasts

Rudolph Virchow discovered spindle-shaped cells called fibroblasts in 1858. Inactive fibroblasts, called fibrocytes, become activated by various stimuli, such as growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Activated fibroblasts play a crucial role in wound healing, inflammation, formation of new blood vessels, and cancer progression. Uncontrolled activation of fibroblasts results in fibrosis, the excess deposition of fibrous tissue, which can lead to scarring and affect normal organs. This...

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Updated: May 17, 2026

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis
08:40

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Published on: September 22, 2019

Cytokine mediated tissue fibrosis.

Lee A Borthwick1, Thomas A Wynn, Andrew J Fisher

  • 1Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|October 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Chronic inflammation drives pathological wound repair and fibrosis. This review examines how cytokines mediate inflammatory responses, contributing to organ fibrosis and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Acute inflammation is essential for wound healing.
  • Unresolved inflammation leads to chronic inflammation, causing pathological repair and fibrosis.
  • Fibrosis affects multiple organs and is implicated in 45% of deaths in Western countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of cytokines in acute and chronic inflammatory responses.
  • To examine the mechanisms by which cytokines drive fibrosis in injured tissues.
  • To highlight the link between cytokine-mediated inflammation and organ fibrosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on inflammation, fibrosis, and cytokines.
  • Analysis of evidence linking cytokine signaling pathways to fibrotic processes.
  • Synthesis of findings from basic research and clinical studies.

Main Results:

  • Cytokines are critical mediators of both acute and chronic inflammatory phases.
  • Specific cytokines promote fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix deposition, and tissue remodeling, leading to fibrosis.
  • Dysregulated cytokine signaling contributes to the progression of fibrotic diseases in various organs.

Conclusions:

  • Cytokines play a pivotal role in the development and progression of fibrosis.
  • Targeting cytokine pathways represents a potential therapeutic strategy for fibrotic diseases.
  • Further research is needed to translate these findings into effective clinical treatments for organ fibrosis.