Cardiovascular disease in women

Area of Science:

• Cardiology and cardiovascular research
• Gender-specific health outcomes
• Vascular biology

Background:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for women globally, with mortality rates paradoxically increasing unlike in men.
• Sex-based disparities in CVD are attributed to delayed symptom recognition, underutilization of diagnostics and treatments, and fundamental biological differences.
• Emerging evidence highlights distinct clinical presentations and outcomes in women, necessitating a gender-specific approach to cardiovascular medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current understanding of gender-specific differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• To highlight the importance of sex-based biological factors in vascular function and pathology.
• To discuss recent advancements and remaining challenges in addressing CVD in women.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature and clinical data on gender differences in cardiovascular disease.
• Analysis of factors contributing to sex-based disparities in CVD presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
• Synthesis of evidence on biological mechanisms underlying CVD in women.

Main Results:

• Mortality rates for CVD in women remain high and are not declining, unlike in men.
• Biological, physiological, and genetic factors contribute to sex-based differences in CVD.
• Improvements in outcomes for women are noted with advancements like radial access and increased clinical trial participation.

Conclusions:

• Significant progress has been made in understanding gender-related CVD differences, but much research is still needed.
• Elucidating the mechanisms of ischemic heart disease in women is essential for targeted therapy.
• Optimizing CVD prevention and treatment requires a continued focus on sex-specific factors.