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Related Concept Videos

Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells
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Torso RTK controls Capicua degradation by changing its subcellular localization.

Oliver Grimm1, Victoria Sanchez Zini, Yoosik Kim

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|October 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Torso receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling promotes Capicua (Cic) protein degradation by altering its movement between the nucleus and cytoplasm during early Drosophila development. This mechanism explains how RTKs control Cic stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The transcriptional repressor Capicua (Cic) is crucial for Drosophila embryogenesis and linked to vertebrate development and human diseases.
  • Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) antagonize Cic-mediated gene repression, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Torso RTK signaling influences Cic activity and stability during early Drosophila embryogenesis.
  • To elucidate the subcellular mechanisms by which RTK signaling modulates Cic function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetic studies in early Drosophila embryos.
  • Employed live imaging techniques to observe Cic localization and dynamics.
  • Analyzed the impact of Torso signaling on Cic nucleocytoplasmic transport and degradation.

Main Results:

  • Torso RTK signaling accelerates the degradation rate of Cic.
  • This acceleration is achieved by altering Cic's subcellular localization, promoting its export from the nucleus.
  • Torso signaling controls the rates of Cic's nucleocytoplasmic transport, leading to reduced protein stability.

Conclusions:

  • A model is proposed where Cic is primarily degraded in the cytoplasm.
  • Torso RTK signaling enhances Cic degradation by modulating its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling.
  • This mechanism provides insight into RTK-dependent regulation of Cic in various developmental contexts.