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Related Concept Videos

The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro
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Photovoltaic Retinal Prosthesis with High Pixel Density.

Keith Mathieson1, James Loudin, Georges Goetz

  • 1Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University ; Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, UC Santa Cruz.

Nature Photonics
|October 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel photovoltaic retinal prosthesis that uses light to power and stimulate remaining neurons, offering a simpler alternative to current electronic implants for restoring vision in degenerative retinal diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Retinal degenerative diseases cause blindness by damaging photoreceptors.
  • Surviving inner retinal neurons can be stimulated by electronic retinal prostheses.
  • Current prostheses require complex surgical implantation of inductive coils and intraocular cables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis.
  • To demonstrate a simpler, fully-integrated approach to retinal prostheses.
  • To restore vision by electrically stimulating surviving neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a subretinal prosthesis with silicon photodiode pixels.
  • Utilized pulsed near-infrared illumination for power and data transmission.
  • Electrically stimulated neurons in rat retinas (normal and degenerate).

Main Results:

  • Achieved neural stimulation with pulse durations of 0.5–4 ms.
  • Threshold peak irradiances were significantly below ocular safety limits (0.2–10 mW/mm²).
  • Single 70 µm bipolar pixels elicited neural responses.

Conclusions:

  • A fully-integrated photovoltaic retinal prosthesis is feasible.
  • This technology offers a high pixel density potential.
  • Presents a promising alternative for treating blindness due to retinal degeneration.