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Related Concept Videos

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
Urine: Physical and Chemical Properties01:18

Urine: Physical and Chemical Properties

Urine comprises approximately 95% water and 5% solutes. The primary ingredient, apart from water, is urea - a byproduct of the breakdown of amino acids. Other notable components include uric acid, a residue from nucleic acid metabolism, and creatinine, a metabolite from creatine phosphate breakdown in skeletal muscle tissue.
The concentration of these solutes varies, with urea being the most abundant nitrogenous waste product. Other solutes include sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate,...
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
Formation of Dilute Urine01:20

Formation of Dilute Urine

The formation of dilute urine is a critical renal adaptation that maintains fluid balance, particularly during periods of high fluid intake. This process primarily involves the juxtamedullary nephrons. By adjusting the permeability of water and ions in response to physiological conditions, the kidneys can either conserve or excrete water, resulting in concentrated or dilute urine.
Filtrate Osmolarity in the PCT
Initially, as the filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), its...
Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...

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Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Model for Investigating Kidney Interstitial Fibrosis
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Volatile organic compounds in uremia.

Nikolaos Pagonas1, Wolfgang Vautz, Luzia Seifert

  • 1Deparment of Nephrology, Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.

Plos One
|October 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Breath analysis using ion mobility spectrometry identified unique volatile organic compounds in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. These compounds, including hydroxyacetone and ammonia, change with renal function and are removed by dialysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Uremic fetor, a known sign of renal failure, has historically lacked identification of specific exhaled compounds.
  • The precise volatile organic compounds (VOCs) retained in uremia remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of breath analysis via ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for identifying VOCs associated with renal failure.
  • To establish a breath "fingerprint" indicative of impaired kidney function.

Main Methods:

  • Breath samples were collected from healthy individuals (eGFR ≥ 60), patients with chronic kidney disease (eGFR 10-59), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients before and after hemodialysis.
  • Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was employed for breath analysis.
  • Thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) was used for compound identification.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in breath spectra were observed between patients with and without renal failure.
  • Compounds like hydroxyacetone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and ammonia accumulated with reduced kidney function and were cleared by dialysis.
  • Specific compounds (e.g., 4-heptanone) were uniquely present in hemodialysis patients, enabling differentiation between health, chronic kidney disease, and ESRD.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired renal function leads to a distinct profile of volatile compounds in exhaled breath.
  • Ion mobility spectrometry is a viable technique for identifying lipophilic uremic retention molecules.