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Embryonic Stem Cells

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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Robust Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Populations

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Published on: October 26, 2011

Generation of functional thyroid from embryonic stem cells.

Francesco Antonica¹, Dominika Figini Kasprzyk, Robert Opitz

¹Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular Human Biology (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.

|October 12, 2012

Summary

Researchers developed a novel stem-cell model for thyroid research. Mouse embryonic stem cells were differentiated into functional thyroid follicular cells, offering a new avenue for studying thyroid development and disease.

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Biology
Endocrinology

Background:

The thyroid gland synthesizes crucial hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and development.
A lack of efficient in vitro stem-cell models has hindered research into thyroid morphogenesis and follicular cell differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish an efficient stem-cell model for recapitulating thyroid follicular cell differentiation and follicle assembly in vitro.
To investigate the potential of induced thyroid follicular cells for therapeutic applications in thyroid hormone deficiency.

Main Methods:

Transient overexpression of transcription factors NKX2-1 and PAX8 in mouse embryonic stem cells.
Induction of differentiation into thyroid follicular cells.
Formation of three-dimensional follicular structures in vitro with thyrotropin treatment.
Assessment of iodide organification activity.
In vivo grafting of in vitro-derived follicles into athyroid mice.

Main Results:

Overexpression of NKX2-1 and PAX8 successfully directed mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation into thyroid follicular cells.
Differentiated cells organized into functional three-dimensional thyroid follicles in vitro, exhibiting iodide organification.
Grafted follicles in athyroid mice restored plasma thyroid hormone levels and alleviated symptoms.

Conclusions:

Mouse embryonic stem cells can be effectively induced to differentiate into functional thyroid follicular cells in vitro.
This novel stem-cell model provides a powerful tool for studying thyroid development and disease.
In vitro-derived thyroid follicles demonstrate therapeutic potential for treating thyroid hormone deficiencies.