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Related Concept Videos

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the latter, also known...
Radicals01:27

Radicals

Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does not...
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
07:27

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

Published on: April 29, 2010

Revolution stalled.

Steven E Hyman1

  • 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. seh@harvard.edu

Science Translational Medicine
|October 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug discovery for psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and depression is stalled. Pharmaceutical companies are exiting the field, hindering new medicine development for these prevalent conditions.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
07:27

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmaceutical Science

Background:

  • Drug discovery for psychiatric disorders faces significant challenges, leading to a standstill in developing new treatments.
  • Major pharmaceutical companies are reducing or ceasing involvement in psychiatric drug development, exacerbating the unmet medical need.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the scientific reasons behind the stagnation in psychiatric drug discovery.
  • To propose solutions for revitalizing the development of new medicines for psychiatric conditions.

Main Methods:

  • This is a commentary, not an empirical study. It involves a critical review and analysis of the current scientific landscape and industry trends in psychiatric drug discovery.

Main Results:

  • The commentary identifies key scientific and strategic issues contributing to the lack of progress in psychiatric drug discovery.
  • It highlights the consequences of pharmaceutical industry withdrawal from the psychiatry sector.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing the scientific and strategic shortcomings is crucial to overcome the current impasse in psychiatric drug discovery.
  • A concerted effort is needed to reinvigorate research and development for effective treatments for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and autism spectrum disorders.