Abacterial cystitis in urinary incontinent females

Among the number of urological symptoms in women complaining of incontinence more specific symptoms are often overlooked. Frequency, urge, suprapubic pain, nocturia, etc., are typical for bladder wall disorders, but also often misleading as part of the incontinence symptomatology. The final diagnosis of bladder wall diseases is based on biopsies from the bladder wall. It is noteworthy that the mucosa often looks normal at endoscopy. In this paper several types of abacterial cystitis will be presented to illustrate the difficulty in revealing the diagnosis of bladder wall disorders.