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Related Concept Videos

Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

Where in the brain is depression?

Mayur Pandya1, Murat Altinay, Donald A Malone

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavioral Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Current Psychiatry Reports
|October 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) research reveals its neural basis is complex and distributed across brain regions and circuits. Further investigation is needed to pinpoint specific areas involved in MDD pathophysiology.

More Related Videos

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant cause of morbidity and disability.
  • The precise neural underpinnings of depression remain incompletely understood despite extensive research.
  • Current understanding of depression's brain localization is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence from neuroimaging, neuropsychiatric, and brain stimulation studies.
  • To explore the localization of depression within the brain.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on the neural basis of MDD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroimaging studies examining brain abnormalities and connectivity.
  • Analysis of neuropsychiatric studies in conditions like Parkinson's disease and stroke.
  • Examination of findings from brain stimulation studies in depression.

Main Results:

  • Neuroimaging studies show inconsistent findings across various brain regions implicated in MDD.
  • A shift towards investigating circuit-level connectivity abnormalities in depression is observed.
  • Neuropsychiatric and brain stimulation studies offer clues but lack consistent localization of depression.

Conclusions:

  • The pathophysiology of depression appears to be distributed across multiple brain regions and circuits.
  • Future research should focus on investigating this distributed nature and identifying primary/secondary affected areas.
  • New paradigms are needed to explain complex mental functions involved in depression.