Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram01:25

Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram

Luminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy, is a process that involves the interaction of molecules with light. The energy-level diagram, or Jablonski diagram, is a graphical representation of these interactions, illustrating the various states and transitions a molecule can undergo. In a typical Jablonski diagram, the lowest horizontal line represents the ground-state energy of the molecule, which is usually a singlet state. This state represents the energies...
Resting Potential Decay01:15

Resting Potential Decay

The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) and highly permeable to potassium ions (K+). Differences in the ions' concentration inside the cell compared to the outside are maintained by membrane transport proteins like channels and pumps.
At rest, the K+ is the main ion that moves across the membrane through...
Resting Potential Decay01:15

Resting Potential Decay

The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) and highly permeable to potassium ions (K+). Differences in the ions' concentration inside the cell compared to the outside are maintained by membrane transport proteins like channels and pumps.
At rest, the K+ is the main ion that moves across the membrane through...
IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization01:04

IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization

Electron delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms within a molecule rather than being confined to a single atom or bond. This phenomenon is common in systems with conjugated bonds—structures where alternating single and double bonds allow π-electrons to move freely across the network. The movement of electrons stabilizes the molecule and can affect various chemical properties, including vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectroscopy.
In IR spectroscopy,...
Photoluminescence: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence01:23

Photoluminescence: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

Photoluminescence is a process where a molecule absorbs light energy and re-emits it in the form of light. This phenomenon occurs when a substance absorbs photons, promoting its electrons to higher energy level excited states, followed by a relaxation process in which the electrons return to their original ground state energy levels and emit light. Photoluminescence is widely observed in various materials, including semiconductors, and organic and inorganic compounds.
A pair of electrons in a...
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

On the generality of behavioral theory and abstract phenomena.

Neurobiology of learning and memory·2026
Same author

Comparisons of extinction, counterconditioning, and novelty-facilitated extinction within ABA vs. ABC renewal designs.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2026
Same author

Assessment of the associative determinants of tolerance to the effects of cannabis extract on exploratory behavior in rats.

Drug and alcohol dependence reports·2025
Same author

Rethinking memory impairments: Retrieval failure.

Psychological review·2025
Same author

Contextual modulation of human associative learning following novelty-facilitated extinction, counterconditioning, and conventional extinction.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2024
Same author

Increased Generalization, Stronger Acquisition, or Reduced Extinction? Investigation of the Mechanisms Underlying the Acquisition-in-Multiple-Contexts Effect.

Behavior therapy·2024
Same journal

Correction: Quantifying nonmnemonic strategies in two-alternative forced-choice delayed matching and nonmatching-to-position tasks in mice (Mus musculus) using automated video tracking technologies.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

Unconditional stimulus deflation is stimulus specific.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

What is possible and what is worth: Higher levers afford more work and enhance the value of leisure.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

Behavioral impact of adolescent social isolation stress: A multidimensional assessment in male NMRI mice.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

Behavioral characteristics of rapid visual categorization learning in domestic chicks.

Learning & behavior·2026
Same journal

Operant conditioning through positive reinforcement in the ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata).

Learning & behavior·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
08:04

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids

Published on: May 27, 2020

Extinction with multiple excitors.

Bridget L McConnell1, Gonzalo Miguez, Ralph R Miller

  • 1University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Learning & Behavior
|October 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Compounding stimuli during extinction enhances its effectiveness, but adding more stimuli can weaken this effect. This challenges simple error reduction models in associative learning.

More Related Videos

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera
06:08

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera

Published on: December 27, 2018

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity
11:30

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

Published on: March 6, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
08:04

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids

Published on: May 27, 2020

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera
06:08

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera

Published on: December 27, 2018

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity
11:30

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

Published on: March 6, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Learning and memory
  • Animal behavior research

Background:

  • Extinction of conditioned responding is a fundamental learning process.
  • Renewal effects, where responding recovers after extinction, complicate understanding of extinction.
  • The role of stimulus compounds during extinction is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of compounding a target excitor with additional excitors during extinction.
  • To test predictions of associative learning models versus the extended comparator hypothesis.
  • To examine how modifying associations within the compound affects extinction and renewal.

Main Methods:

  • Four conditioned suppression experiments were conducted with rats.
  • An ABC renewal design was employed to assess extinction and renewal.
  • Stimuli were compounded during extinction, with variations in the number and associations of excitors.

Main Results:

  • Extinguishing a target excitor in compound with a second excitor led to stronger extinction (less renewal).
  • Adding a third excitor during extinction attenuated this deepened extinction effect, increasing renewal.
  • Modifying associations within the compound stimuli (between excitors or with the unconditioned stimulus) also attenuated the effect.

Conclusions:

  • Compounding stimuli can deepen extinction, but this effect is sensitive to the complexity of the compound.
  • Findings contradict simple total error reduction models and support the extended comparator hypothesis.
  • Responding after extinction is influenced by factors beyond simple associative changes, including counteraction effects.