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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
11:52

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

LINE-1 retrotransposition in the nervous system.

Charles A Thomas1, Apuã C M Paquola, Alysson R Muotri

  • 1Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
|October 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons are active in developing neurons, leading to unique genetic profiles in each cell. Dysregulation of L1 may contribute to neurological diseases.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) are repetitive DNA sequences.
  • L1 elements are usually inactive in somatic cells but highly active during neuronal development.
  • L1 activity in neurons can lead to genomic alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neurodevelopmental retrotransposition.
  • To discuss the role of L1 in neuronal function and evolution.
  • To explore the connection between L1 and neurological diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on neurodevelopmental retrotransposition.
  • Analysis of L1 insertion patterns in neuronal genomes.
  • Examination of L1's impact on gene expression and neuronal function.

Main Results:

  • L1 elements transpose at high frequencies in developing neurons.
  • L1 insertions can alter gene expression and contribute to neuronal genomic diversity.
  • Misregulation of L1 retrotransposition is linked to neurological disorders like Rett syndrome and ataxia telangiectasia.

Conclusions:

  • Neurodevelopmental retrotransposition by L1 elements shapes neuronal genomes.
  • L1 activity influences neuronal function, evolution, and susceptibility to disease.
  • Further research into L1's role is crucial for understanding neurological conditions.