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Related Concept Videos

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)01:06

2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, or COSY, is a 2-dimensional NMR technique that provides information about coupled protons. Typically, the geminal and vicinal coupling are observed. For example, consider the COSY spectrum of ethyl acetate, where its 1D proton NMR spectrum is plotted along the vertical and horizontal axes with their corresponding chemical shift scale. Three spots on the diagonal corresponding to the three peaks in the 1D proton spectrum are called diagonal peaks. The COSY...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...

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Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging
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Diffusion spectrum MRI using body-centered-cubic and half-sphere sampling schemes.

Li-Wei Kuo1, Wen-Yang Chiang, Fang-Cheng Yeh

  • 1Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.

Journal of Neuroscience Methods
|October 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new body-centered-cubic (BCC) sampling scheme for diffusion spectrum MRI (DSI) significantly reduces scan time and improves accuracy. This optimized DSI method offers a faster, more precise alternative for clinical studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Diffusion Spectrum Imaging (DSI)
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Diffusion Spectrum Imaging (DSI) provides detailed information on white matter tracts but faces challenges with long scan times (approx. 30 min) and potential aliasing artifacts.
  • Conventional Cartesian grid sampling in DSI can lead to estimation errors in fiber orientations due to aliasing artifacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel non-Cartesian body-centered-cubic (BCC) sampling scheme for DSI to reduce scan time and mitigate aliasing artifacts.
  • To evaluate the accuracy and precision of DSI using BCC sampling compared to conventional Cartesian grid (GRID) sampling.
  • To assess the performance of half-sphere sampling schemes (GRID102, BCC91) against full-sphere schemes (GRID203, BCC181).

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a body-centered-cubic (BCC) non-Cartesian sampling scheme as an alternative to the conventional Cartesian grid (GRID) sampling.
  • Compared the accuracy of DSI using half-sphere (GRID102, BCC91) and full-sphere (GRID203, BCC181) sampling schemes.
  • Evaluated deviation angle, angular dispersion, and optimal b(max) values for both sampling schemes.

Main Results:

  • The BCC sampling scheme demonstrated smaller deviation angles and lower angular dispersion compared to the GRID scheme.
  • Half-sphere sampling schemes (GRID102, BCC91) achieved angular precision and accuracy comparable to their full-sphere counterparts.
  • Optimal b(max) values were found to be approximately 4750 s/mm(2) for GRID and 4500 s/mm(2) for BCC.

Conclusions:

  • The BCC sampling scheme is a viable and effective alternative to the conventional GRID scheme for DSI.
  • Combining BCC sampling with half-sphere acquisition (BCC91) can potentially reduce DSI scan time from 30 minutes to approximately 14 minutes.
  • The BCC91 scheme maintains the precision and accuracy of DSI while significantly decreasing acquisition time, making it suitable for clinical applications.