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Related Concept Videos

Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
07:34

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains

Published on: August 23, 2019

A repetitive elements perspective in Polycomb epigenetics.

Valentina Casa1, Davide Gabellini

  • 1Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, Dulbecco Telethon Institute and San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milano, Italy ; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milano, Italy.

Frontiers in Genetics
|October 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repetitive elements, once dismissed as junk DNA, are now recognized as crucial for genome integrity and gene expression. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins may organize the 3D genome by interacting with these repetitive elements.

Keywords:
FSHD muscular dystrophyPolycombnon-protein-coding RNAnuclear structurerepeats

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Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions
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Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

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Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions
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Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Published on: June 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Repetitive elements constitute over two-thirds of the human genome and were historically considered non-functional.
  • Emerging evidence highlights their critical roles in genome integrity, gene expression, and disease pathogenesis.
  • Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are key epigenetic regulators involved in development, cellular memory, and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential role of repetitive elements in the 3D organization of the genome.
  • To investigate the interplay between Polycomb group proteins and repetitive elements in chromatin organization.
  • To understand how the regulation of repetitive elements contributes to multi-level gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing evidence on repetitive elements and PcG proteins.
  • Analysis of studies linking repetitive elements to meiotic instability, fragile sites, and disease.
  • Examination of research on PcG protein functions, including long-distance interactions and chromatin modifications.

Main Results:

  • Repetitive elements are implicated in meiotic instability, common fragile sites, and aberrant transcription linked to diseases.
  • PcG proteins are involved in crucial developmental processes and can mediate long-distance interactions within the genome.
  • A significant portion of PcG-mediated chromatin modifications occurs in genomic repeats, suggesting they may serve as binding platforms.

Conclusions:

  • Repetitive elements are not merely non-functional sequences but play active roles in genome organization and regulation.
  • PcG proteins' interaction with repetitive elements is a key mechanism for establishing and maintaining 3D chromatin architecture.
  • Understanding this interplay is fundamental to comprehending gene regulation, genome stability, and disease development.