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Updated: May 17, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
Published on: August 4, 2021
Cytokine gene polymorphisms in northern Indian women with recurrent miscarriages
Farah Parveen1, Anju Shukla, Suraksha Agarwal
1Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
Objective:
To determine association of cytokine gene polymorphism with risk for recurrent miscarriages (RM).
Design:
Retrospective case-control study on northern Indian RM cases versus control subjects.
Setting:
Medical facility.
Patient(S):
A total of 200 women with at least three unexplained spontaneous abortions before 20 weeks of gestation.
Intervention(S):
Subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by restriction digestion and allele-specific oligonucleotides.
Main Outcome Measure(S):
Detection of pro- and antiinflammatory gene polymorphism genotypes and allele frequencies.
Result(S):
We applied dominant and recessive models of inheritance, showing no association among T(H)2 [interleukin (IL) 10 (592 C/A) and transforming growth factor β] gene polymorphisms, while significant association was observed between T(H)2 [IL-4 (C590T), IL-6 (G174C), IL-10 (1082A/G and 819C/T)], and T(H)1 [interferon-γ (+874A/T)] with RM compared with control subjects. However, when classification and regression tree analysis was applied, this effect disappeared and demonstrated that IL-10 plays an important role in maintenance of pregnancy.
Conclusion(S):
Interleukin-10 acts as an immunosuppressive by keeping a balance of pro- and antiinflammatory signals that coordinate the satisfactory development of pregnancy, placental growth, and remodeling for favorable pregnancy outcome.
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