Related Concept Videos
01:14Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming
Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
01:24Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming
Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
01:29Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming
Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
01:16In-vitro Mutagenesis
To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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14:17
Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
Published on: November 30, 2006
Reprogramming and development in nuclear transfer embryos and in interspecific systems.
Patrick Narbonne1, Kei Miyamoto, J B Gurdon
1The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|October 16, 2012
Summary
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) efficiency is low, but trophectoderm reprogramming is key. Overcoming interspecific incompatibilities in reprogramming systems offers future potential for cloning advancements.
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Published on: February 9, 2015
Area of Science:
- Reproductive biology
- Developmental biology
- Genetics
Background:
- Nuclear transfer (NT) is the primary method for somatic cell reprogramming to totipotency.
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) efficiency is limited by issues in partially reprogrammed cloned embryos.
- Trophectoderm reprogramming significantly impacts SCNT embryo development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify and address recurrent problems in SCNT embryo development.
- To explore the role of trophectoderm reprogramming in SCNT success.
- To investigate interspecific hybrid and cybrid systems for reprogramming advancements.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of partially reprogrammed cloned embryos to identify key issues.
- Development and application of interspecific hybrid and cybrid reprogramming systems.
- Identification of reprogramming events and factors involved in SCNT.
Main Results:
- Recurrent problems in SCNT embryos have been identified and partially resolved.
- Trophectoderm reprogramming success is a critical factor for SCNT embryo development.
- Interspecific reprogramming systems offer technical advantages and insights into reprogramming factors.
- Interspecific incompatibilities, while present, may not be insurmountable obstacles.
Conclusions:
- Addressing trophectoderm reprogramming challenges can improve SCNT efficiency.
- Interspecific reprogramming systems are valuable tools for understanding reprogramming mechanisms.
- Further research into overcoming cross-species barriers could enhance NT applications.