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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
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Published on: May 27, 2021

Emotional development in children with tics: a longitudinal population-based study.

P J Hoekstra1, A J Lundervold, S A Lie

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
|October 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Children with tics often face more significant challenges with emotional and peer issues, which worsen over time. These associated problems can impact their well-being more than the tics themselves.

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Area of Science:

  • Child Psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Pediatric Health

Background:

  • Children with tic disorders frequently experience co-occurring conditions.
  • These associated problems can significantly affect a child's quality of life.
  • Understanding the trajectory of these issues is crucial for effective intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics and developmental course of problems accompanying tic disorders in children.
  • To compare the developmental trajectory of children with and without tics.
  • To identify specific areas of difficulty, such as emotional and peer problems.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based follow-up study design was employed.
  • Data were collected from a cohort of 4,025 children, with 38 identified as having tics.
  • Parents and teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at two time points, 4 years apart.

Main Results:

  • Children with tics exhibited significantly higher parent- and teacher-rated SDQ total difficulty scores.
  • Tic disorder group showed increased emotional and peer problems between ages 7-9 and 11-13.
  • Boys represented a majority (78.9%) of the children diagnosed with tics.

Conclusions:

  • Tic disorders in children are associated with a range of internalizing and externalizing difficulties.
  • Emotional and peer relationship problems tend to escalate over time in children with tics.
  • These associated difficulties may have a greater impact on well-being than the tics themselves.