Tissue markers in human atherosclerotic carotid artery plaque

Carotid artery stenosis predisposes to thrombo-embolization and stroke. Established tissue markers such as osteopontin, nitric oxide synthases, myeloperoxidases, and matrix metalloproteinases have been examined within stenotic plaques and their impact upon plaque stability discussed. However, a new generation of tissue markers is being discovered, and their role in atherosclerotic development and plaque stability is being debated. Prostaglandin synthase, 15-lipoxygenase-2, myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14, and protease nexin-1 have recently been shown to correlate with carotid artery atherosclerosis. These proteins highlight new areas of interest in the role of macrophages in atherosclerotic development, plaque formation, and rupture. Additionally, these new molecules raise the possibility of new screening and treatment techniques.