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Updated: May 17, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Published on: October 10, 2020

Reliability, precision, and gender differences in knee internal/external rotation proprioception measurements.

Takashi Nagai¹, Timothy C Sell, John P Abt

¹Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 3830 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. tnagai@pitt.edu

Physical Therapy in Sport : Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine

|October 17, 2012

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The knee internal/external rotation threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) is reliable for research. Females showed significantly less TTDPM towards internal rotation, suggesting potential gender-specific biomechanics.

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Human Performance
Kinesiology

Background:

Assessing passive knee joint motion is crucial in biomechanical research.
Developing reliable methods to measure knee internal/external rotation (IR/ER) is essential for accurate analysis.
Understanding potential gender differences in knee joint mechanics can inform injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate the reliability and precision of the threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) for knee IR/ER.
To determine if significant gender differences exist in knee IR/ER TTDPM.

Main Methods:

Test-retest design for reliability and precision assessment.
Cross-sectional design for gender comparisons.
Utilized a multi-mode dynamometer for TTDPM measurements at specific knee positions.

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Employed Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) for reliability analysis.

Independent t-tests were used for gender comparisons.

Main Results:

Good intrasession and intersession reliability and precision were found for knee IR/ER TTDPM (ICC=0.68-0.86; SEM=0.22°-0.37°).
Females exhibited significantly diminished TTDPM towards IR at both IR-test and ER-test positions compared to males (p=0.021 and p=0.026, respectively).
No other significant gender-based differences in TTDPM were observed (p>0.05).

Conclusions:

The developed IR/ER TTDPM methods demonstrate good reliability and accuracy for research applications.
Significant gender differences in knee IR/ER TTDPM were identified, particularly in the internal rotation direction.
These findings highlight the role of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) as a secondary restraint and suggest potential sex-specific differences in knee joint stability.