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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Published on: March 3, 2023

Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis: a case-case-control study.

Kayoko Hayakawa1, Dror Marchaim, Mohan Palla

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA. kayokohayakawa@gmail.com

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
|October 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) is a growing concern, especially its role in vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) emergence. This study identified key risk factors for VRE infection, highlighting the need for targeted prevention and antimicrobial stewardship.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
08:58

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Published on: March 3, 2023

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08:30

One-day Workflow Scheme for Bacterial Pathogen Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Testing from Blood Cultures

Published on: July 9, 2012

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures
05:02

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures

Published on: February 10, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) is well-studied, but the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) remains less understood.
  • VRE has a higher propensity than vancomycin-resistant E. faecium to transfer vancomycin resistance to Staphylococcus aureus, increasing the risk of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) emergence.
  • Michigan has reported a significant proportion of VRSA cases, underscoring the importance of understanding VRE epidemiology in the region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the epidemiological factors associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) infections.
  • To identify independent predictors for VRE isolation compared to vancomycin-susceptible E. faecalis (VSE) and uninfected controls.
  • To inform strategies for controlling VRE and the emergence of VRSA.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective case-case-control study was conducted at the Detroit Medical Center.
  • 532 VRE infection cases were matched 1:1:1 with 532 VSE infection cases and 532 uninfected controls.
  • Statistical analysis identified independent predictors for VRE isolation.

Main Results:

  • Independent predictors for VRE isolation (vs. controls) included age ≥65, non-home residence, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, prior cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone exposure, and immunosuppression.
  • Invasive procedures, surgery, chronic skin ulcers, and indwelling devices were risk factors for both VRE and VSE.
  • Cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone exposure were unique predictors for VRE isolation.
  • A majority of VRE cases were present upon hospital admission.

Conclusions:

  • Age, comorbidities, and specific antibiotic exposures (cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones) are key risk factors for VRE infection.
  • Infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship are crucial for controlling VRE and preventing VRSA emergence.
  • Regional collaborative efforts are likely necessary for effective VRE and VRSA control.