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Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
12:18

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Published on: February 9, 2011

Pediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis.

Arturo Borzutzky1, Sara Stern, Andreas Reiff

  • 1Program in Rheumatology, Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Pediatrics
|October 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) in children often coexists with autoimmune diseases. Immunosuppressive therapies, including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologics, showed higher efficacy than NSAIDs for CNO treatment.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
12:18

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Published on: February 9, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric rheumatology
  • Pediatric orthopedics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare pediatric condition with limited data on its natural history and optimal management.
  • Understanding CNO's characteristics is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To retrospectively review a large cohort of pediatric patients diagnosed with CNO.
  • To assess the clinical features, natural history, and treatment responses in children with CNO.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 70 children diagnosed with CNO across three US tertiary care centers (1985-2009).
  • Data extraction included clinical, laboratory, histopathologic, and radiologic findings.
  • Evaluation of treatment responses to various agents: NSAIDs, sulfasalazine, methotrexate, TNFα inhibitors, and corticosteroids.

Main Results:

  • Half of the pediatric CNO patients had comorbid autoimmune diseases, associated with more bone lesions and higher inflammatory markers.
  • Treatment efficacy varied significantly by agent; corticosteroids (95%), TNFα inhibitors (91%), and methotrexate (91%) showed the highest response rates.
  • Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics were more effective than NSAIDs.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmunity is a significant comorbidity in pediatric CNO, linked to multifocal disease and the need for immunosuppressive therapy.
  • DMARDs and biologics represent more effective treatment options for pediatric CNO compared to NSAIDs.