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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

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Combining Optogenetics with Artificial microRNAs to Characterize the Effects of Gene Knockdown on Presynaptic Function within Intact Neuronal Circuits
09:17

Combining Optogenetics with Artificial microRNAs to Characterize the Effects of Gene Knockdown on Presynaptic Function within Intact Neuronal Circuits

Published on: March 14, 2018

miRNA regulons associated with synaptic function.

Maria Paschou1, Maria D Paraskevopoulou, Ioannis S Vlachos

  • 1Basic Neurosciences Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Plos One
|October 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs regulate synaptic function by targeting mRNAs. This study identifies key microRNAs involved in neuronal plasticity and psychiatric disorders, offering insights into brain function.

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Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes
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Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

Published on: April 12, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Synaptic function and plasticity rely on localized RNA and protein synthesis in neurons.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial RNA regulators abundant in the brain, but their role in synaptic mRNA regulation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To computationally analyze microRNA targeting of synaptic transcripts.
  • To investigate the characteristics of 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) in synaptic mRNAs.
  • To identify key microRNAs regulating synaptic transcripts and their potential role in cognition and psychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Computational analysis of coding and 3'UTR regions of presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins.
  • Analysis of 3'UTR length and microRNA binding site density in synaptic transcripts.
  • Construction of an interaction map between microRNAs and their predicted targets.
  • KEGG pathway analysis of identified microRNA targets.

Main Results:

  • 91% of synaptic proteins are predicted to be microRNA targets.
  • Synaptic mRNAs exhibit distinct 3'UTR lengths, suggesting differential microRNA regulation.
  • Synaptic 3'UTRs show twice the density of microRNA binding sites compared to other transcripts.
  • A small set of ten microRNAs is predicted to regulate a large proportion of synaptic transcripts.
  • Several identified microRNAs are primate-specific and linked to psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs extensively regulate mRNA at the synapse, influencing neuronal plasticity.
  • Specific microRNAs are identified as critical regulators of synaptic function.
  • These findings have implications for understanding cognitive differences and the etiology of psychiatric diseases.