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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts01:13

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts

De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
Muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) are formed from the myotomes. MPCs express genes that encode the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7. Along with Pax 3/7, other transcription factors...
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Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles01:24

Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles

Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
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Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy

Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
Muscle Contraction01:15

Muscle Contraction

Muscle Contraction01:10

Muscle Contraction

In skeletal muscles, acetylcholine is released by nerve terminals at the motor endplate—the point of synaptic communication between motor neurons and muscle fibers. The binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the sarcolemma allows entry of sodium ions into the cell and triggers an action potential in the muscle cell. Thus, electrical signals from the brain are transmitted to the muscle. Subsequently, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to prevent excessive muscle...

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Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry
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Defining Akt actions in muscle differentiation.

Samantha Gardner1, Magdalena Anguiano, Peter Rotwein

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.

American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
|October 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are crucial for muscle repair. This study reveals that while Akt1 is vital for initiating muscle cell differentiation and motility, both Akt1 and Akt2 contribute to later muscle development stages.

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Area of Science:

  • Muscle biology
  • Cell signaling
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Muscle development and regeneration are complex processes essential for lifelong muscle mass and strength.
  • Satellite cells, the muscle stem cells, are critical for muscle repair and their activity is regulated by various signals.
  • Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are key regulators of muscle growth and repair, primarily through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific roles of the two Akt isoforms (Akt1 and Akt2) in muscle development and regeneration.
  • To determine whether distinct functions or overall expression levels of Akt are critical for myogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies using cultured muscle cells (myoblasts).
  • In vivo studies assessing muscle regeneration in animal models.
  • Analysis of myoblast differentiation, motility, myotube maturation, myofiber area, and fusion index in the presence or absence of specific Akt isoforms.

Main Results:

  • Akt1 is essential for the initiation of myoblast differentiation and is required for normal myoblast motility.
  • Akt2 is dispensable for the initiation of differentiation and motility.
  • While Akt2 deficiency impairs myotube maturation (reduced myofiber area and fusion index), both Akt1 and Akt2 can restore these later stages of muscle development.

Conclusions:

  • Akt1 plays a critical role in the early stages of muscle differentiation and cell movement.
  • While Akt2 is not essential for initiating these processes, both Akt isoforms contribute to the later stages of myotube maturation.
  • Overall levels of Akt expression, rather than the specific actions of individual Akt isoforms, are crucial for normal myofiber development during the later phases of muscle differentiation.