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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Extraction of Saliva, Haemolymph, Salivary Glands, and Midgut from Individual Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)
03:22

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Published on: October 31, 2025

Early immunologic events at the tick-host interface.

Dar M Heinze1, J Russ Carmical, Judith F Aronson

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.

Plos One
|October 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ixodes scapularis tick saliva modulates host responses early after attachment, altering gene expression and leading to neutrophil infiltration within 12 hours. This facilitates tick-borne virus transmission.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Tick-borne Diseases

Background:

  • Ixodes ticks transmit viruses like tick-borne encephalitis and Powassan encephalitis.
  • Tick saliva is known to enhance viral infection by modulating host immune responses.
  • Rapid viral transmission necessitates early host response modulation by tick saliva.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze gene expression and histopathology of cutaneous bite-site lesions after Ixodes scapularis nymphal tick attachment.
  • To understand the early host response to tick feeding.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cutaneous bite-site lesions using Affymetrix mouse genome arrays and histopathology.
  • Time-course analysis at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours post-attachment.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression profiles at 1-3 hours post-attachment were distinct, enriched for post-translational modification.
  • At 6-12 hours, gene expression showed prominent clusters related to cytoskeletal rearrangements, DNA replication, inflammation, and chemotaxis.
  • Histopathology revealed minimal inflammation early on, with neutrophil infiltration, hyperemia, necrosis, and ECM deposition by 12 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Early tick feeding involves modulation of host resident cell responses.
  • A nascent, neutrophil-driven immune response emerges by 12 hours post-attachment.
  • These early changes likely contribute to efficient tick-borne viral transmission.