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Toxic Reactions: Overview

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Environmental pollutants like...

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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Assessing Cytotoxicity of Metabolites of Typical Triazole Pesticides in Plants

Assessing Cytotoxicity of Metabolites of Typical Triazole Pesticides in Plants

Published on: December 22, 2023

Persistent toxic substances: sources, fates and effects.

Ming H Wong¹, Margaret-Ann Armour, Ravi Naidu

¹School of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Linan, China. mhwong@hkbu.edu.hk

Reviews on Environmental Health

|October 20, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent toxic substances (PTS) are widespread environmental contaminants. This review examines their status, health impacts, and the adequacy of water treatment processes in China and North America.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Toxicology
Public Health

Background:

Persistent toxic substances (PTS) encompass Stockholm Convention persistent organic pollutants and organometallic compounds.
These substances share characteristics of persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation, and long-range transport.
Emerging chemicals like PBDEs, BPA, and phthalates, found in consumer products, raise public health concerns due to endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current environmental status of PTS.
To assess the effectiveness of existing drinking and wastewater treatment processes for PTS removal.
To discuss management strategies for emerging chemical contaminants.

Main Methods:

Literature review of PTS environmental status.
Case studies from China and North America.
Analysis of water treatment process efficacy.

Main Results:

Review of current PTS environmental prevalence.
Evaluation of water treatment technologies' capacity to remove PTS.
Identification of management challenges for emerging chemicals.

Conclusions:

PTS are a significant environmental and public health issue.
Current water treatment processes may not be fully adequate for removing all PTS.
Further research and management strategies are needed for emerging chemical contaminants.