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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
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Updated: May 17, 2026

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)
07:01

A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)

Published on: February 7, 2025

A pediatric perspective on concussion pathophysiology.

Meeryo C Choe1, Talin Babikian, John DiFiori

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine and Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, California 90095-1752, USA. mchoe@mednet.ucla.edu

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|October 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) can cause lasting deficits due to microstructural changes. Understanding concussion pathophysiology in children is key to preventing persistent symptoms and further injury.

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Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric neurology
  • Neurotraumatology
  • Sports medicine

Background:

  • Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is common in children, often sports-related.
  • While symptoms are usually temporary, lasting deficits can impact developing brains.
  • Over 1.6 million pediatric cases of TBI occur annually in the US.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review recent literature on mTBI pathophysiology in pediatric populations.
  • Highlight neurobiological changes beyond conventional imaging.
  • Inform potential therapeutic strategies for pediatric concussion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on pediatric mild TBI.
  • Focus on advanced neuroimaging findings.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Advanced neuroimaging reveals microstructural and functional changes, not visible on CT/MRI.
  • Diffuse axonal injury, metabolic impairment, and altered cerebral blood flow are implicated.
  • Physiological changes typically resolve in 7-10 days, but recurrent injury risks deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding pediatric concussion pathophysiology is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
  • Preventing persistent symptoms and further injury requires specific pediatric approaches.
  • Further research is needed due to developmental differences between pediatric and adult brains.