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Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
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Physiologic basis for intermittent hypoxic episodes in preterm infants.

R J Martin1, J M Di Fiore, P M Macfarlane

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-6010, USA. rxm6@case.edu

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Neonatal intermittent hypoxia, often underestimated, impacts extremely low birth weight infants. Understanding its causes and effects is crucial for effective management and preventing complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Perinatal Medicine

Background:

  • Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a significant challenge in neonatology, often linked to immature respiratory control.
  • Current pulse oximetry may underestimate the frequency and severity of IH in infants.
  • IH incidence increases in extremely low birth weight infants during the first postnatal month.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the pathophysiologic basis of intermittent hypoxic episodes in early life.
  • To understand the consequences of IH on multisystem morbidity.
  • To inform evidence-based management strategies for IH in neonates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on respiratory control in neonates.
  • Analysis of the relationship between peripheral chemosensitivity and IH.
  • Examination of the impact of hypoxia/reoxygenation on inflammatory pathways.

Main Results:

  • Increased oxygen-sensitive peripheral chemoreceptor activity correlates with apnea of prematurity.
  • Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia show decreased peripheral chemosensitivity, with unclear effects on respiratory stability.
  • Episodic hypoxia/reoxygenation can trigger proinflammatory cascades, leading to multisystem morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • Further characterization of IH pathophysiology is essential for optimizing management.
  • Therapeutic strategies include oxygen titration and xanthine therapy for apnea of prematurity.
  • Addressing IH is critical for improving long-term respiratory and multisystem outcomes in vulnerable infants.