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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Updated: May 17, 2026

Robotic Enucleation of Esophageal Leiomyoma
04:19

Robotic Enucleation of Esophageal Leiomyoma

Published on: February 20, 2026

Recurrent glossal leiomyoma.

M Y Nor Idayu1, M Irfan, N H Othman

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The Medical Journal of Malaysia
|October 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral leiomyomas, rare benign smooth muscle tumors, typically have an excellent prognosis. This case highlights a rare recurrent glossal leiomyoma in an HIV-infected patient, emphasizing the need for vigilance.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Robotic Enucleation of Esophageal Leiomyoma
04:19

Robotic Enucleation of Esophageal Leiomyoma

Published on: February 20, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Oral pathology
  • Oncology
  • Smooth muscle tumors

Background:

  • Oral leiomyomas are uncommon benign neoplasms originating from smooth muscle tissue.
  • First documented in 1884, their diagnosis has been refined with immunohistochemical advancements.
  • Generally, these tumors exhibit an excellent prognosis with rare recurrence rates.

Observation:

  • A case of a recurrent glossal leiomyoma is presented.
  • The patient was coinfected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
  • The recurrence occurred one year post-initial surgical excision.

Findings:

  • The study details a rare instance of oral leiomyoma recurrence.
  • Recurrence was observed in the tongue (glossal) despite initial excision.
  • The patient's HIV status is noted as a factor in the case report.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the possibility of leiomyoma recurrence, even in the oral cavity.
  • The association with HIV infection warrants further investigation into potential influencing factors.
  • Clinical monitoring for recurrence in oral leiomyoma patients, particularly those with comorbidities, is crucial.