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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

CD22 and autoimmune disease.

Thomas Dörner1, Anthony Shock, Kenneth G C Smith

  • 1Charité University Medicine Berlin, CC12, Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology and German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany. Thomas.doerner@charite.de

International Reviews of Immunology
|October 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CD22, a B-cell co-receptor, regulates immune responses. Loss of CD22 function may cause B-cell hyperactivation and autoimmune diseases, suggesting CD22 modulation as a therapeutic strategy.

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Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226
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Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226

Published on: May 10, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

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Published on: April 11, 2019

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226
08:30

Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226

Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD22 is a Siglec family cell surface protein expressed on mature B cells.
  • It functions as a B-cell receptor (BCR) co-receptor, controlling B-cell responses to antigens.
  • CD22 signaling involves phosphorylation and activation of phosphatases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore signal transduction pathways involving CD22.
  • To investigate the role of CD22 in B-cell activation and autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • To evaluate CD22 modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models to study CD22 function and signaling.
  • Examined B-cell phenotypes in the absence of functional CD22.
  • Investigated CD22-targeting monoclonal antibodies, such as epratuzumab.

Main Results:

  • Absence of functional CD22 leads to a "hyperactivated" B-cell phenotype in mouse models.
  • Loss of CD22 function is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
  • CD22-targeting therapies, like epratuzumab, are under investigation for autoimmune conditions.

Conclusions:

  • CD22 plays a critical role in regulating B-cell responses and preventing autoimmunity.
  • Modulating CD22 activity presents a promising therapeutic avenue for autoimmune diseases.
  • Epratuzumab is a potential treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).