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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Overview of Regeneration and Repair01:19

Overview of Regeneration and Repair

Regeneration and repair processes are critical in healing damages caused by injury, disease, and aging. In regeneration, the damaged tissue is entirely replaced with new growth that restores the original architecture and function. In contrast, tissue repair usually results in a fixed tissue architecture involving scar formation. Scars generally do not reestablish tissue function and may also exhibit structural abnormalities at the injury site.
Regeneration
All animals have varying degrees of...
Whole Body Regeneration01:33

Whole Body Regeneration

Regeneration is the process of restoring injured or lost tissues, organs, or body parts. While simpler organisms generally show greater ability to regenerate their whole body, few complex animals show similarly exceptional regeneration. For example, planarian flatworms have a unique regenerative potential making them a popular study organism among biologists to understand the mechanisms of whole body regeneration. Other organisms, such as hydra, also show extreme regeneration potential; even...
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

Published on: February 2, 2024

Regeneration and reprogramming.

Dunja Knapp1, Elly M Tanaka

  • 1Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden 01307, Germany.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|October 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian somatic cells can become pluripotent and switch types, similar to invertebrates that regenerate entire bodies. This suggests shared molecular pathways for pluripotency and regeneration across species.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Comparative Genomics

Background:

  • Mammalian somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state, exhibiting cell type plasticity.
  • Natural regeneration of complex organs in some animals involves dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation.
  • Invertebrates demonstrate remarkable whole-body regeneration, linked to pluripotent stem cells in somatic tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the parallels between induced pluripotency in mammals and natural regeneration in animals.
  • To identify common molecular mechanisms underlying pluripotency and regeneration across diverse species.
  • To discuss the molecular factors involved in regeneration phenomena like heart, lens, and retinal regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent reprogramming studies in mammalian somatic cells.

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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ
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De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ

Published on: May 7, 2018

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

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De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ
13:05

De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ

Published on: May 7, 2018

  • Analysis of molecular data from regenerative invertebrates and vertebrates.
  • Comparative study of pluripotency markers and regenerative processes.

    • Main Results:

    • Mammalian somatic cells exhibit potential for pluripotency and cell type switching.
    • Shared molecular players associated with pluripotency and germ cell properties exist between invertebrates and mammalian pluripotent cells.
    • Dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation are key processes in vertebrate regeneration (e.g., heart, lens, retina).

    Conclusions:

    • The potential for cellular plasticity and regeneration is conserved across species.
    • Understanding invertebrate regeneration can provide insights into mammalian regenerative medicine.
    • Further research into shared molecular factors could unlock new therapeutic strategies for tissue repair.