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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique
09:14

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Published on: January 14, 2016

Shaping chromatin for repair.

Anastas Gospodinov1, Zdenko Herceg2

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Mutation Research
|October 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cells use DNA repair pathways and chromatin modifications to fix DNA damage. Histone changes and chromatin remodelers are crucial for recruiting repair factors to damaged sites.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique
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Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
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Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cells possess diverse DNA repair pathways to counteract DNA lesions.
  • Chromatin alterations are integral to the DNA damage response, especially for complex repair mechanisms.
  • Post-translational modifications and chromatin remodeling are key regulatory events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the roles of histone post-translational modifications and chromatin remodeling in DNA damage response.
  • To explore how chromatin context influences these repair events.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews existing findings on DNA repair mechanisms.
  • It focuses on the interplay between chromatin modifications and repair factor assembly.

Main Results:

  • Histone post-translational modifications regulate the hierarchical assembly of repair factors at double-strand breaks.
  • Chromatin remodelers are essential for repair factors to access damaged DNA sites during double-strand break repair and nucleotide excision repair.
  • Specific requirements for these events may differ based on the chromatin context.

Conclusions:

  • Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling are critical for DNA damage signaling and repair.
  • These processes ensure efficient restoration of DNA integrity and proper cell cycle regulation.