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Related Concept Videos

Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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Torts III

Types of Quasi-intentional Torts in Healthcare
Quasi-intentional torts in healthcare involve acts where intent is not directed to harm an individual but results in harm due to careless or reckless speech.
Torts II01:13

Torts II

Intentional torts in healthcare refer to deliberate actions that cause harm or infringe on the rights of others. Understanding these torts is crucial for healthcare professionals to avoid legal liabilities and maintain ethical standards in patient care.
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings01:29

Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings

Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or inconsistent. For...
Forgetting01:21

Forgetting

Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
Encoding...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase
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Published on: July 14, 2011

TLR8: the forgotten relative revindicated.

Jorge L Cervantes1, Bennett Weinerman, Chaitali Basole

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.

Cellular & Molecular Immunology
|October 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) senses bacterial RNA in human phagocytes, triggering immune responses like cytokine and type I interferon production. This receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) like TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are crucial for detecting foreign nucleic acids within phagocytes.
  • TLR8, less understood than TLR7 due to initial assumptions of non-functionality in mice, plays a key role in innate immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the functions of human TLR8 beyond viral RNA recognition.
  • To investigate TLR8's role in sensing bacterial RNA and its downstream signaling pathways.
  • To explore the broader implications of TLR8 function, including its cross-talk with other TLRs and potential links to autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human cell models to study endosomal TLR signaling.
  • Investigated the recognition of bacterial RNA by TLR8.
  • Analyzed the induction of nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) following TLR8 activation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that human TLR8 recognizes bacterial RNA within phagosomal vacuoles.
  • Showed that TLR8 activation induces the production of both NF-κB-dependent cytokines and type I interferons, including IFN-β.
  • Highlighted that TLR8's functions extend to cross-talk with other endosomal TLRs.

Conclusions:

  • Human TLR8 is a significant sensor of bacterial RNA, contributing to the innate immune response.
  • TLR8 activation leads to the production of key inflammatory mediators and type I interferons.
  • The multifaceted roles of TLR8, including inter-receptor communication, suggest its involvement in both pathogen defense and potentially autoimmune processes.