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Fabio Della Rossa1, Stefano Fasani, Sergio Rinaldi

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This study reveals that plankton patchiness emerges in models with phytoplankton, zooplankton, and planktivorous fish. These models predict zooplankton will be patchier than phytoplankton, aligning with real-world observations.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecological modeling
  • Marine ecology
  • Population dynamics

Background:

  • Plankton patchiness is a key feature of marine ecosystems.
  • Understanding spatial patterns in plankton is crucial for food web dynamics.
  • Previous studies have explored plankton patchiness using various theoretical approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically apply a sufficient condition for spatial pattern emergence to plankton food web models.
  • To identify which plankton models predict patchiness.
  • To test a specific prediction regarding the relative patchiness of zooplankton and phytoplankton.

Main Methods:

  • Application of a sufficient condition for spatial pattern emergence.
  • Analysis of various food chain and food web plankton models.
  • Modeling of diffusive dispersal in homogeneous physical environments.

Main Results:

  • Models including phytoplankton, zooplankton, and planktivorous fish consistently predict zooplankton patchiness.
  • Models lacking phytoplankton or fish do not predict patchiness.
  • A five-compartment model (nutrient, phytoplankton, zooplankton, planktivorous fish, carnivorous fish) was used to demonstrate the method's predictive power.

Conclusions:

  • The presence of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and planktivorous fish is key for generating zooplankton patchiness.
  • The study provides a testable prediction: zooplankton should exhibit greater patchiness than phytoplankton.
  • The findings support previous theoretical work on plankton patchiness and Turing instability.