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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ
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Stimulation of Stem Cell Niches and Tissue Regeneration in Mouse Skin by Switchable Protoporphyrin IX-Dependent Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species In Situ

Published on: May 8, 2020

Redox control of teratogenesis.

Jason M Hansen1, Craig Harris

  • 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States. jhansen@emory.edu

Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)
|October 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are implicated in teratogen-induced birth defects. Newer definitions clarify how redox modifications disrupt signaling pathways, explaining specific malformations and susceptibility.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental toxicology
  • Redox biology
  • Teratology

Background:

  • Teratogens can cause harm via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress.
  • Traditional oxidative stress definitions don't fully align with teratology principles.
  • Emerging definitions focus on redox modification of signaling proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review teratogens inducing ROS and oxidative injury.
  • To describe oxidative stress-related teratogenic mechanisms.
  • To provide rationale for developmental sensitivity and species susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of teratogens and oxidative stress.
  • Analysis of redox modification in signaling pathways.
  • Examination of developmental timing and species differences.

Main Results:

  • Specific redox couples can target critical signaling proteins.
  • Disruption of these pathways explains teratogen specificity.
  • Understanding these mechanisms aids in identifying teratogens.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative stress, defined by redox signaling disruption, is a key teratogenic mechanism.
  • This understanding can guide the development of interventions.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these pathways.