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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro
03:35

Rapid Quantification of Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Glutathione Using Ortho -phthalaldehyde in Cultured Mammalian Cells In Vitro

Published on: June 28, 2024

Glutathione and infection.

Devin Morris1, Melissa Khurasany, Thien Nguyen

  • 1College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|October 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Glutathione (GSH) protects against oxidative stress and infections by modulating immune cells and directly inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Low GSH levels in tuberculosis patients correlate with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, highlighting GSH's crucial role in immunity and health.

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Published on: October 10, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that protects against oxidative stress and microbial infections.
  • GSH plays a vital role in maintaining cellular redox balance and immune function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of GSH in modulating immune cell behavior and conferring protection against infections.
  • To elucidate the direct antimicrobial effects of GSH against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) within macrophages.
  • To correlate decreased GSH levels in tuberculosis patients with altered immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on GSH's functions in immunity and infection.
  • Analysis of GSH's impact on innate and adaptive immunity, including NK and T cells.
  • Examination of direct antimicrobial effects of GSH on M. tb.

Main Results:

  • GSH augments innate and adaptive immunity, protecting against microbial, viral, and parasitic infections.
  • GSH exhibits direct antimicrobial effects against M. tb within macrophages, inhibiting its growth.
  • Decreased GSH levels in tuberculosis patients are linked to elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote M. tb growth.

Conclusions:

  • GSH is integral to immune system function and overall health, offering therapeutic benefits.
  • GSH depletion exacerbates conditions like cystic fibrosis and impacts protozoan survival.
  • Maintaining adequate GSH levels is crucial for combating infections and mitigating inflammatory responses.