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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 21, 2022

Nucleic acid modifications with epigenetic significance.

Ye Fu¹, Chuan He

¹Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

|October 25, 2012

Summary

Epigenetic modifications, including DNA oxidation and RNA methylation, play dynamic roles in gene regulation. These processes, involving oxidized cytosines and N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A), are crucial for cellular functions and development.

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Area of Science:

Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
Genomics and Transcriptomics

Background:

Epigenetic modifications alter gene expression without changing DNA sequence.
Newly discovered oxidized cytosines (5hmC, 5fC, 5caC) arise from 5-methylcytosine (5mC) oxidation by TET enzymes.
N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is a prevalent RNA modification with emerging regulatory roles.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the roles of oxidized cytosines in DNA demethylation.
To investigate the dynamic regulation and genomic enrichment of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) during development.
To highlight the significance of reversible RNA methylation, exemplified by m(6)A and its interaction with FTO protein.

Main Methods:

Affinity-based genome-wide sequencing.
Oxidation-assisted base-resolution sequencing.
Analysis of m(6)A as a substrate for the FTO protein.

Main Results:

5hmC is dynamically regulated during development.
5hmC is enriched in distal regulatory elements in human and mouse embryonic cells.
m(6)A modification in RNA is a key substrate for the FTO protein, suggesting dynamic RNA methylation regulation.

Conclusions:

Oxidized cytosines, particularly 5hmC, are dynamically regulated and located in key regulatory regions.
Reversible RNA methylation, like m(6)A, represents a significant layer of gene expression control.
These epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications are fundamental to cellular functions and development.