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Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble01:13

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ ≥ 15); an...

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Updated: May 17, 2026

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Helium droplets: a chemistry perspective.

Shengfu Yang1, Andrew M Ellis

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.

Chemical Society Reviews
|October 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Helium droplets offer a unique, low-temperature environment for studying matter. This review covers forming, doping, and probing these superfluid droplets and their chemical applications.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Published on: April 8, 2020

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11:16

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Published on: March 5, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Quantum fluid dynamics
  • Low-temperature physics
  • Chemical physics

Background:

  • Superfluid helium droplets provide a unique quantum environment.
  • They exist at extremely low temperatures (0.37 K).
  • They can be doped with various atoms and molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental principles of helium droplet formation, doping, and interrogation.
  • To highlight key applications of helium droplets, particularly for chemists.
  • To provide a tutorial overview for researchers.

Main Methods:

  • Formation of helium droplets via isentropic expansion.
  • Doping techniques for introducing atoms and molecules.
  • Spectroscopic and scattering methods for interrogation.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of helium droplet properties and manipulation.
  • Presentation of diverse applications, including spectroscopy and cluster science.
  • Emphasis on the utility for chemical research and reaction dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Helium droplets are versatile tools for fundamental research.
  • Their unique properties enable novel investigations in physics and chemistry.
  • This review serves as a guide to their application in chemical studies.