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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...

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Investigating Drivers of Antireward in Addiction Behavior with Anatomically Specific Single-Cell Gene Expression Methods
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Published on: August 4, 2022

Epigenomics and interindividual differences in drug response.

M Ivanov1, M Kacevska, M Ingelman-Sundberg

  • 1Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|October 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacoepigenetics explores how epigenetic modifications influence drug response. Understanding epigenetic regulation of drug metabolism and targets can predict individual variations in treatment efficacy, especially for cancer therapies.

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Published on: December 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Epigenomics and molecular biology
  • Pharmacology and drug development

Background:

  • Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation variants like 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and noncoding RNAs, are increasingly recognized for their biological significance.
  • Aberrant epigenetic patterns can alter the expression of genes critical for drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as drug targets.
  • These epigenetic changes contribute significantly to interindividual variability in drug response and treatment outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of pharmacoepigenetics.
  • To highlight the role of epigenetic regulation in ADME genes and drug targets.
  • To demonstrate the potential of epigenetic profiles as biomarkers for personalized medicine, particularly in oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on epigenetics and its impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
  • Analysis of epigenetic mechanisms affecting gene expression related to drug metabolism and targets.
  • Exploration of the utility of epigenetic profiles, including circulating nucleic acids, for predicting drug response.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic factors significantly modulate the expression of genes involved in drug ADME and drug targets.
  • Interindividual differences in drug response are partly explained by epigenetic variations.
  • Epigenetic profiles of circulating nucleic acids show promise as biomarkers for personalized therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacoepigenetics offers a powerful framework for understanding and predicting interindividual drug response.
  • Epigenetic biomarkers hold significant potential for advancing personalized medicine, especially in cancer treatment.
  • Further research into epigenetic mechanisms can lead to more effective and tailored drug therapies.