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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Thyroid tissue connected to normally located thyroid gland: ectopic or exophytic?

Erol Keles¹, Sule Ozkara, Turgut Karlidag

¹ENT Department, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.

Case Reports in Otolaryngology

|October 25, 2012

Summary

Ectopic thyroid tissue, a rare condition, can occur in unusual locations like the submandibular area. This case report details a unique instance of exophytic thyroid tissue connected by a fibrous band.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Pathology
Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

Ectopic thyroid tissue is an uncommon congenital anomaly, typically found along the midline of the neck.
While usually located in the cervical region, rare instances have been reported in the submandibular area.
Diagnosis relies on histopathological examination, often following fine needle biopsy, to rule out malignancy.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a rare case of exophytic ectopic thyroid tissue.
To describe the unique presentation of thyroid tissue attached to the normally located thyroid gland via a fibrous band.
To contribute to the literature on rare presentations of ectopic thyroid tissue.

Main Methods:

Case presentation of a 32-year-old female patient.
Clinical examination revealing a swelling under the right jaw.
Diagnostic evaluation including imaging and histopathology (details not specified in abstract).

Main Results:

A 32-year-old woman presented with a submandibular swelling.
Investigation revealed ectopic thyroid tissue connected to the orthotopic thyroid gland by a fibrous band.
This represents a potentially novel presentation of exophytic ectopic thyroid tissue.

Conclusions:

Ectopic thyroid tissue can present in rare and unusual forms, such as the exophytic type described.
The connection via a fibrous band to the main thyroid gland is a unique finding.
Further research may be needed to understand the embryological basis and clinical implications of such rare presentations.