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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:

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Updated: May 17, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
05:50

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

Pneumocephalus in five horses.

B Dunkel1, K T T Corley, A L Johnson

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK. bdunkel@rvc.ac.uk

Equine Veterinary Journal
|October 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pneumocephalus, or air within the horse's skull, is often linked to head trauma or sinusitis. While frequently incidental, it can become life-threatening, requiring thorough imaging for proper management.

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Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
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Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Equine Diagnostic Imaging
  • Comparative Pathology

Background:

  • Pneumocephalus in horses is infrequently documented, necessitating a clearer understanding for equine practitioners.
  • This study aims to enhance recognition and management of pneumocephalus in horses through case review.

Observation:

  • Five cases of equine pneumocephalus were analyzed from four institutions.
  • Head trauma with sinus fractures was the primary cause in four cases; one case was secondary to sinusitis or trauma.
  • Gas accumulation was observed within the cranial vault, ventricles, brain parenchyma, and cranial cervical canal.

Findings:

  • Radiography and computed tomography (CT) were used for diagnosis.
  • Gas accumulation resolved spontaneously in all cases without immediate neurological compromise.
  • Two of three horses with available long-term outcomes were euthanized due to neurological deficits.

Implications:

  • Pneumocephalus can be an incidental finding or a severe complication of head trauma or sinusitis in horses.
  • Comprehensive skull and cranial cervical spine imaging is crucial for diagnosis and management.
  • CT scans facilitate easier identification and localization of gas within the central nervous system.