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Related Concept Videos

Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
Types of Enols and Enolates01:19

Types of Enols and Enolates

Aldehydes and ketones form enols, although only about 1% of the enol is present at the equilibrium for simple monocarbonyl compounds. The enol form is undetectable for acetaldehyde, present as only 1.5 × 10−4 % of acetone, and present as only 1.2% of cyclohexanone. Two kinds of regioisomeric enols are possible for unsymmetrical ketones, and their net composition is 1% at equilibrium. This instability is due to the lower bond energy of C=C than the C=O group. The additional instability of enols...
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism01:14

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation of carbinolamine, a nucleophilic attack followed by several proton transfer reactions. The hydroxyl group of the carbinolamine is converted into water to make a better leaving group that can push the reaction forward by eliminating a water molecule. In enamine formation, the last step involves the abstraction of a proton from the α carbon to...
Enolate Mechanism Conventions01:15

Enolate Mechanism Conventions

When a carbonyl compound is treated with a strong base, the α position gets deprotonated to give a resonance-stabilized intermediate called an enolate. Enolates are ambident nucleophiles because they possess two nucleophilic sites that can attack an electrophile owing to the delocalization of the negative charge between the α carbon and oxygen atoms. When the oxygen atom attacks an electrophile, it is called O-attack, whereas electrophilic attack via the α carbon is known as C-attack.
C-attack...
Reactivity of Enols01:18

Reactivity of Enols

Enols are a class of compounds where a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon–carbon double bond, which implies that it is a vinyl alcohol. A carbonyl compound with an α hydrogen undergoes keto–enol tautomerism and remains in equilibrium with its tautomer, the enol form. Usually, the keto tautomer is present in a higher concentration than the enol tautomer due to the higher bond energy of C=O compared to C=C. Moreover, the direction of the keto–enol equilibrium is governed by factors like...
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.

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Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics
08:09

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Published on: June 17, 2012

Functional annotation and ENU.

Teresa M Gunn1

  • 1McLaughlin Research Institute, 1520 23rd St S, Great Falls, MT 59405, USA. tmg@mri.montana.edu

BMC Research Notes
|October 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis in mice, providing valuable phenotype-genotype data for numerous genes. The publicly available information highlights ENU

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Genomics
  • Mouse models

Background:

  • Comprehensive functional annotation of the mouse genome is essential for understanding gene function.
  • Large-scale mutagenesis projects are crucial for generating phenovariants and identifying gene functions.
  • Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) is a chemical mutagen used to induce mutations in mice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present phenotype-genotype data from an ENU-based mutagenesis project.
  • To demonstrate the specificity and efficiency of ENU mutagenesis.
  • To provide a publicly accessible resource for genetic research.

Main Methods:

  • ENU-based chemical mutagenesis was employed to induce mutations in mice.
  • Offspring were screened for phenovariants.
  • Causative mutations were identified and linked to observed phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Phenotype-genotype information was generated for a large number of mouse genes.
  • The study provides evidence for the specificity and efficiency of ENU mutagenesis.
  • A comprehensive, publicly available dataset was created.

Conclusions:

  • ENU mutagenesis is an effective method for generating phenotype-genotype data in mice.
  • The generated data significantly contributes to the functional annotation of the mouse genome.
  • Public accessibility of mutagenesis data accelerates genetic research and discovery.