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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Magnetic Force On Current-Carrying Wires: Example

Magnetic Force On Current-Carrying Wires: Example

In a magnetic field, moving charges encounter a force. If a wire contains these moving charges, i.e., if the wire is carrying a current, then a force acts on the wire as well. Consider a pair of flexible leads holding a wire that is 40 cm long and 10 g in weight in a horizontal position. The wire is placed in a constant magnetic field of 0.40 T, as shown in Figure 1(a). Determine the magnitude and direction of the current flowing in the wire needed to remove the tension in the supporting leads.

Magnetism

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...

Magnetic Force

Magnetic Force

In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a moving charge or a group of moving charges known as the electric current. A magnetic force is experienced by a second current or moving charge in response to this magnetic field. Fundamentally, interactions between moving electrons in the atoms of two bodies produce magnetic forces between them.
The magnetic force acting on a moving charge...

Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux

The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface area. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field B, the area through which the field lines pass, and the relative orientation of the field with the surface area.
Suppose a surface is divided into elements of area dA. For each element, the component of the magnetic field that is normal to the...

Magnetic Damping

Magnetic Damping

Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples

Published on: June 9, 2016

Magnetic Cellular Switches.

Darryl R Overby¹, Francis J Alenghat, Martín Montoya-Zavala

¹Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA.

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

|October 26, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic microbeads control cellular functions in mammalian cells by applying mechanical stress to integrin receptors, activating gene transcription via the cAMP-CREB pathway. This demonstrates magnetic control for future nanotechnologies.

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples

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Published on: June 9, 2016

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Magnetic Adjustment of Afterload in Engineered Heart Tissues

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Published on: May 5, 2020

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biotechnology

Background:

Mammalian cells possess complex intracellular functions.
Controlling these functions magnetically offers novel therapeutic and research avenues.
Current methods lack precise, non-invasive control mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop magnetic cellular switches for controlling intracellular functions in mammalian cells.
To investigate magnetic control of receptor signal transduction and gene transcription.
To engineer gene constructs for optical reporting of gene expression.

Main Methods:

Engineered gene constructs with cAMP regulatory element (CRE) motifs driving fluorescent reporters (DsRed, β-lactamase).
Magnetic microbeads (4.5 µm) bound to cell surface integrin receptors.
Application of magnetic stress to activate transcription.
Protein fragment complementation assay for cAMP induction detection.

Main Results:

Chemical induction (forskolin) increased CRE-DsRed expression.
Magnetic stress on microbeads induced a threefold increase in CRE-BLA expression.
cAMP induction detected within 5 minutes via a protein fragment complementation assay.
Magnetic stress activates the cAMP-dependent transcription factor CREB.

Conclusions:

Magnetic stress on integrins induces gene transcription by activating CREB.
Demonstrated feasibility of magnetic technologies for controlling mammalian cell functions.
Supports development of magnetically-actuated cellular components for micro- and nanotechnologies.