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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

[Autoimmune encephalitis, clinical, radiological and immunological data].

J Aupy1, N Collongues, F Blanc

  • 1Département de neurologie, CHU de Strasbourg, 3, avenue Molière, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France. jerome.aupy@chru-strasbourg.fr

Revue Neurologique
|October 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study on autoimmune encephalitis found that while clinical presentation can be similar, outcomes differ based on antibody type. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for better patient recovery in autoimmune encephalitis.

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis presents as an inflammatory or infectious neurological disease with potential immunological abnormalities.
  • Paraneoplastic origins and anti-neuron antibodies are noted in some cases, alongside other auto-antibodies.
  • Underdiagnosis of immunological abnormalities in encephalitis warrants further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a clinical, radiological, and immunological cohort of patients diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis.
  • To propose a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for autoimmune encephalitis.
  • To investigate the relationship between antibody types and clinical outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study conducted in a neurology immunological unit.
  • Inclusion of patients diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis between March 2000 and October 2009.
  • Recording of clinical, imaging (MRI, PET, SPECT), and immunological data for all patients.

Main Results:

  • A cohort of 16 patients (mean age 45.3 years) with acute/subacute neuropsychological impairment was studied.
  • Temporal lobe dysfunction was present in most patients; epilepsy and extra-temporal lobe impairment (including sleep disturbances) were also observed.
  • Cancer was identified in 25% of patients. Various anti-neuron antibodies (e.g., anti-VGKC, anti-NMDA-R, anti-GAD, anti-Ma2, anti-Hu) and systemic antibodies were detected.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis vary between patients with antibodies against neuronal surface antigens versus intracellular antigens.
  • Antibodies against intracellular antigens are associated with poorer response to immunotherapy and a higher likelihood of paraneoplastic origin.
  • The high frequency of extra-temporal lobe impairment supports renaming 'limbic encephalitis' to 'autoimmune encephalitis'.