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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

PPAR SUMOylation: some useful experimental tips.

Benoit Pourcet¹, Bart Staels, Corine Glineur

¹Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, London, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|October 27, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a straightforward method to detect SUMOylation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). This technique aids in understanding the regulation of PPARs and other low-expressed proteins through SUMOylation.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Cellular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Nuclear receptors, like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), are crucial for cellular regulation.
SUMOylation is a key post-translational modification regulating transcription factor activity.
Detecting SUMOylation in low-abundance proteins like PPARs presents experimental challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a simple and effective method for investigating PPAR SUMOylation in cells.
To provide a protocol adaptable for studying the SUMOylation of other low-expressed proteins.

Main Methods:

Cells were transfected with His-tagged SUMO and PPAR expression vectors.
SUMOylated proteins were purified using a nickel-NTA affinity matrix under denaturing conditions.
SUMO-modified PPARs were detected via Western blotting using anti-PPAR antibodies.

Main Results:

Successfully established a method to specifically precipitate and detect SUMOylated PPAR proteins.
Demonstrated the feasibility of visualizing SUMO-modified PPARs in a cellular context.
The protocol allows for the purification of SUMOylated proteins from unSUMOylated proteins.

Conclusions:

The developed method offers a practical approach to study PPAR SUMOylation.
This protocol can be adapted to investigate the SUMOylation of various low-expressed proteins.
Facilitates research into the regulatory mechanisms of nuclear receptors.